Improved action filter and action execution flow by supporting installing action filters at controller, module and application levels

issue #2852

Changed `Controller::afterAction()`, `Module::afterAction()` and `ActionFilter::afterAction()` to pass `$result` by value instead of reference

- added example code for application components
- added missing short description

[ci skip]

fixes #1161

fixes #544

Appended newlines to every PHP document that did not have a newline as the last character in the file.