Query.php

<?php
/**
 * @link http://www.yiiframework.com/
 * @copyright Copyright (c) 2008 Yii Software LLC
 * @license http://www.yiiframework.com/license/
 */

namespace yii\db;

use Yii;
use yii\base\Component;

/**
 * Query represents a SELECT SQL statement in a way that is independent of DBMS.
 *
 * Query provides a set of methods to facilitate the specification of different clauses
 * in a SELECT statement. These methods can be chained together.
 *
 * By calling [[createCommand()]], we can get a [[Command]] instance which can be further
 * used to perform/execute the DB query against a database.
 *
 * For example,
 *
 * ~~~
 * $query = new Query;
 * // compose the query
 * $query->select('id, name')
 *     ->from('tbl_user')
 *     ->limit(10);
 * // build and execute the query
 * $rows = $query->all();
 * // alternatively, you can create DB command and execute it
 * $command = $query->createCommand();
 * // $command->sql returns the actual SQL
 * $rows = $command->queryAll();
 * ~~~
 *
 * @author Qiang Xue <qiang.xue@gmail.com>
 * @author Carsten Brandt <mail@cebe.cc>
 * @since 2.0
 */
class Query extends Component implements QueryInterface
{
    use QueryTrait;

    /**
     * @var array the columns being selected. For example, `['id', 'name']`.
     * This is used to construct the SELECT clause in a SQL statement. If not set, it means selecting all columns.
     * @see select()
     */
    public $select;
    /**
     * @var string additional option that should be appended to the 'SELECT' keyword. For example,
     * in MySQL, the option 'SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS' can be used.
     */
    public $selectOption;
    /**
     * @var boolean whether to select distinct rows of data only. If this is set true,
     * the SELECT clause would be changed to SELECT DISTINCT.
     */
    public $distinct;
    /**
     * @var array the table(s) to be selected from. For example, `['tbl_user', 'tbl_post']`.
     * This is used to construct the FROM clause in a SQL statement.
     * @see from()
     */
    public $from;
    /**
     * @var array how to group the query results. For example, `['company', 'department']`.
     * This is used to construct the GROUP BY clause in a SQL statement.
     */
    public $groupBy;
    /**
     * @var array how to join with other tables. Each array element represents the specification
     * of one join which has the following structure:
     *
     * ~~~
     * [$joinType, $tableName, $joinCondition]
     * ~~~
     *
     * For example,
     *
     * ~~~
     * [
     *     ['INNER JOIN', 'tbl_user', 'tbl_user.id = author_id'],
     *     ['LEFT JOIN', 'tbl_team', 'tbl_team.id = team_id'],
     * ]
     * ~~~
     */
    public $join;
    /**
     * @var string|array the condition to be applied in the GROUP BY clause.
     * It can be either a string or an array. Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify the condition.
     */
    public $having;
    /**
     * @var array this is used to construct the UNION clause(s) in a SQL statement.
     * Each array element is an array of the following structure:
     *
     * - `query`: either a string or a [[Query]] object representing a query
     * - `all`: boolean, whether it should be `UNION ALL` or `UNION`
     */
    public $union;
    /**
     * @var array list of query parameter values indexed by parameter placeholders.
     * For example, `[':name' => 'Dan', ':age' => 31]`.
     */
    public $params = [];

    /**
     * Creates a DB command that can be used to execute this query.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return Command the created DB command instance.
     */
    public function createCommand($db = null)
    {
        if ($db === null) {
            $db = Yii::$app->getDb();
        }
        list ($sql, $params) = $db->getQueryBuilder()->build($this);

        return $db->createCommand($sql, $params);
    }

    /**
     * Starts a batch query.
     *
     * A batch query supports fetching data in batches, which can keep the memory usage under a limit.
     * This method will return a [[BatchQueryResult]] object which implements the `Iterator` interface
     * and can be traversed to retrieve the data in batches.
     *
     * For example,
     *
     * ```php
     * $query = (new Query)->from('tbl_user');
     * foreach ($query->batch() as $rows) {
     *     // $rows is an array of 10 or fewer rows from tbl_user
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * @param integer $batchSize the number of records to be fetched in each batch.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection. If not set, the "db" application component will be used.
     * @return BatchQueryResult the batch query result. It implements the `Iterator` interface
     * and can be traversed to retrieve the data in batches.
     */
    public function batch($batchSize = 100, $db = null)
    {
        return Yii::createObject([
            'class' => BatchQueryResult::className(),
            'query' => $this,
            'batchSize' => $batchSize,
            'db' => $db,
            'each' => false,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Starts a batch query and retrieves data row by row.
     * This method is similar to [[batch()]] except that in each iteration of the result,
     * only one row of data is returned. For example,
     *
     * ```php
     * $query = (new Query)->from('tbl_user');
     * foreach ($query->each() as $row) {
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * @param integer $batchSize the number of records to be fetched in each batch.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection. If not set, the "db" application component will be used.
     * @return BatchQueryResult the batch query result. It implements the `Iterator` interface
     * and can be traversed to retrieve the data in batches.
     */
    public function each($batchSize = 100, $db = null)
    {
        return Yii::createObject([
            'class' => BatchQueryResult::className(),
            'query' => $this,
            'batchSize' => $batchSize,
            'db' => $db,
            'each' => true,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Executes the query and returns all results as an array.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return array the query results. If the query results in nothing, an empty array will be returned.
     */
    public function all($db = null)
    {
        $rows = $this->createCommand($db)->queryAll();

        return $this->prepareResult($rows);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the raw query results into the format as specified by this query.
     * This method is internally used to convert the data fetched from database
     * into the format as required by this query.
     * @param array $rows the raw query result from database
     * @return array the converted query result
     */
    public function prepareResult($rows)
    {
        if ($this->indexBy === null) {
            return $rows;
        }
        $result = [];
        foreach ($rows as $row) {
            if (is_string($this->indexBy)) {
                $key = $row[$this->indexBy];
            } else {
                $key = call_user_func($this->indexBy, $row);
            }
            $result[$key] = $row;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Executes the query and returns a single row of result.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return array|boolean the first row (in terms of an array) of the query result. False is returned if the query
     * results in nothing.
     */
    public function one($db = null)
    {
        return $this->createCommand($db)->queryOne();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the query result as a scalar value.
     * The value returned will be the first column in the first row of the query results.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return string|boolean the value of the first column in the first row of the query result.
     * False is returned if the query result is empty.
     */
    public function scalar($db = null)
    {
        return $this->createCommand($db)->queryScalar();
    }

    /**
     * Executes the query and returns the first column of the result.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return array the first column of the query result. An empty array is returned if the query results in nothing.
     */
    public function column($db = null)
    {
        return $this->createCommand($db)->queryColumn();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of records.
     * @param string $q the COUNT expression. Defaults to '*'.
     * Make sure you properly quote column names in the expression.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given (or null), the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return integer number of records
     */
    public function count($q = '*', $db = null)
    {
        return $this->queryScalar("COUNT($q)", $db);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the sum of the specified column values.
     * @param string $q the column name or expression.
     * Make sure you properly quote column names in the expression.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return integer the sum of the specified column values
     */
    public function sum($q, $db = null)
    {
        return $this->queryScalar("SUM($q)", $db);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the average of the specified column values.
     * @param string $q the column name or expression.
     * Make sure you properly quote column names in the expression.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return integer the average of the specified column values.
     */
    public function average($q, $db = null)
    {
        return $this->queryScalar("AVG($q)", $db);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum of the specified column values.
     * @param string $q the column name or expression.
     * Make sure you properly quote column names in the expression.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return integer the minimum of the specified column values.
     */
    public function min($q, $db = null)
    {
        return $this->queryScalar("MIN($q)", $db);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum of the specified column values.
     * @param string $q the column name or expression.
     * Make sure you properly quote column names in the expression.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return integer the maximum of the specified column values.
     */
    public function max($q, $db = null)
    {
        return $this->queryScalar("MAX($q)", $db);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a value indicating whether the query result contains any row of data.
     * @param Connection $db the database connection used to generate the SQL statement.
     * If this parameter is not given, the `db` application component will be used.
     * @return boolean whether the query result contains any row of data.
     */
    public function exists($db = null)
    {
        $select = $this->select;
        $this->select = [new Expression('1')];
        $command = $this->createCommand($db);
        $this->select = $select;

        return $command->queryScalar() !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Queries a scalar value by setting [[select]] first.
     * Restores the value of select to make this query reusable.
     * @param string|Expression $selectExpression
     * @param Connection|null $db
     * @return bool|string
     */
    private function queryScalar($selectExpression, $db)
    {
        $select = $this->select;
        $limit = $this->limit;
        $offset = $this->offset;

        $this->select = [$selectExpression];
        $this->limit = null;
        $this->offset = null;
        $command = $this->createCommand($db);

        $this->select = $select;
        $this->limit = $limit;
        $this->offset = $offset;

        if (empty($this->groupBy) && empty($this->union) && !$this->distinct) {
            return $command->queryScalar();
        } else {
            return (new Query)->select([$selectExpression])
                ->from(['c' => $this])
                ->createCommand($db)
                ->queryScalar();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the SELECT part of the query.
     * @param string|array $columns the columns to be selected.
     * Columns can be specified in either a string (e.g. "id, name") or an array (e.g. ['id', 'name']).
     * Columns can contain table prefixes (e.g. "tbl_user.id") and/or column aliases (e.g. "tbl_user.id AS user_id").
     * The method will automatically quote the column names unless a column contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the column contains a DB expression).
     *
     * Note that if you are selecting an expression like `CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name)`, you should
     * use an array to specify the columns. Otherwise, the expression may be incorrectly split into several parts.
     *
     * When the columns are specified as an array, you may also use array keys as the column aliases (if a column
     * does not need alias, do not use a string key).
     *
     * @param string $option additional option that should be appended to the 'SELECT' keyword. For example,
     * in MySQL, the option 'SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS' can be used.
     * @return static the query object itself
     */
    public function select($columns, $option = null)
    {
        if (!is_array($columns)) {
            $columns = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', trim($columns), -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
        }
        $this->select = $columns;
        $this->selectOption = $option;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the value indicating whether to SELECT DISTINCT or not.
     * @param boolean $value whether to SELECT DISTINCT or not.
     * @return static the query object itself
     */
    public function distinct($value = true)
    {
        $this->distinct = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the FROM part of the query.
     * @param string|array $tables the table(s) to be selected from. This can be either a string (e.g. `'tbl_user'`)
     * or an array (e.g. `['tbl_user', 'tbl_profile']`) specifying one or several table names.
     * Table names can contain schema prefixes (e.g. `'public.tbl_user'`) and/or table aliases (e.g. `'tbl_user u'`).
     * The method will automatically quote the table names unless it contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the table is given as a sub-query or DB expression).
     *
     * When the tables are specified as an array, you may also use the array keys as the table aliases
     * (if a table does not need alias, do not use a string key).
     *
     * Use a Query object to represent a sub-query. In this case, the corresponding array key will be used
     * as the alias for the sub-query.
     *
     * @return static the query object itself
     */
    public function from($tables)
    {
        if (!is_array($tables)) {
            $tables = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', trim($tables), -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
        }
        $this->from = $tables;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the WHERE part of the query.
     *
     * The method requires a $condition parameter, and optionally a $params parameter
     * specifying the values to be bound to the query.
     *
     * The $condition parameter should be either a string (e.g. 'id=1') or an array.
     * If the latter, it must be in one of the following two formats:
     *
     * - hash format: `['column1' => value1, 'column2' => value2, ...]`
     * - operator format: `[operator, operand1, operand2, ...]`
     *
     * A condition in hash format represents the following SQL expression in general:
     * `column1=value1 AND column2=value2 AND ...`. In case when a value is an array,
     * an `IN` expression will be generated. And if a value is null, `IS NULL` will be used
     * in the generated expression. Below are some examples:
     *
     * - `['type' => 1, 'status' => 2]` generates `(type = 1) AND (status = 2)`.
     * - `['id' => [1, 2, 3], 'status' => 2]` generates `(id IN (1, 2, 3)) AND (status = 2)`.
     * - `['status' => null] generates `status IS NULL`.
     *
     * A condition in operator format generates the SQL expression according to the specified operator, which
     * can be one of the followings:
     *
     * - `and`: the operands should be concatenated together using `AND`. For example,
     * `['and', 'id=1', 'id=2']` will generate `id=1 AND id=2`. If an operand is an array,
     * it will be converted into a string using the rules described here. For example,
     * `['and', 'type=1', ['or', 'id=1', 'id=2']]` will generate `type=1 AND (id=1 OR id=2)`.
     * The method will NOT do any quoting or escaping.
     *
     * - `or`: similar to the `and` operator except that the operands are concatenated using `OR`.
     *
     * - `between`: operand 1 should be the column name, and operand 2 and 3 should be the
     * starting and ending values of the range that the column is in.
     * For example, `['between', 'id', 1, 10]` will generate `id BETWEEN 1 AND 10`.
     *
     * - `not between`: similar to `between` except the `BETWEEN` is replaced with `NOT BETWEEN`
     * in the generated condition.
     *
     * - `in`: operand 1 should be a column or DB expression, and operand 2 be an array representing
     * the range of the values that the column or DB expression should be in. For example,
     * `['in', 'id', [1, 2, 3]]` will generate `id IN (1, 2, 3)`.
     * The method will properly quote the column name and escape values in the range.
     *
     * - `not in`: similar to the `in` operator except that `IN` is replaced with `NOT IN` in the generated condition.
     *
     * - `like`: operand 1 should be a column or DB expression, and operand 2 be a string or an array representing
     * the values that the column or DB expression should be like.
     * For example, `['like', 'name', 'tester']` will generate `name LIKE '%tester%'`.
     * When the value range is given as an array, multiple `LIKE` predicates will be generated and concatenated
     * using `AND`. For example, `['like', 'name', ['test', 'sample']]` will generate
     * `name LIKE '%test%' AND name LIKE '%sample%'`.
     * The method will properly quote the column name and escape special characters in the values.
     * Sometimes, you may want to add the percentage characters to the matching value by yourself, you may supply
     * a third operand `false` to do so. For example, `['like', 'name', '%tester', false]` will generate `name LIKE '%tester'`.
     *
     * - `or like`: similar to the `like` operator except that `OR` is used to concatenate the `LIKE`
     * predicates when operand 2 is an array.
     *
     * - `not like`: similar to the `like` operator except that `LIKE` is replaced with `NOT LIKE`
     * in the generated condition.
     *
     * - `or not like`: similar to the `not like` operator except that `OR` is used to concatenate
     * the `NOT LIKE` predicates.
     *
     * - `exists`: requires one operand which must be an instance of [[Query]] representing the sub-query.
     * It will build a `EXISTS (sub-query)` expression.
     *
     * - `not exists`: similar to the `exists` operator and builds a `NOT EXISTS (sub-query)` expression.
     *
     * @param string|array $condition the conditions that should be put in the WHERE part.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see andWhere()
     * @see orWhere()
     */
    public function where($condition, $params = [])
    {
        $this->where = $condition;
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds an additional WHERE condition to the existing one.
     * The new condition and the existing one will be joined using the 'AND' operator.
     * @param string|array $condition the new WHERE condition. Please refer to [[where()]]
     * on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see where()
     * @see orWhere()
     */
    public function andWhere($condition, $params = [])
    {
        if ($this->where === null) {
            $this->where = $condition;
        } else {
            $this->where = ['and', $this->where, $condition];
        }
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds an additional WHERE condition to the existing one.
     * The new condition and the existing one will be joined using the 'OR' operator.
     * @param string|array $condition the new WHERE condition. Please refer to [[where()]]
     * on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see where()
     * @see andWhere()
     */
    public function orWhere($condition, $params = [])
    {
        if ($this->where === null) {
            $this->where = $condition;
        } else {
            $this->where = ['or', $this->where, $condition];
        }
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends a JOIN part to the query.
     * The first parameter specifies what type of join it is.
     * @param string $type the type of join, such as INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN.
     * @param string|array $table the table to be joined.
     *
     * Use string to represent the name of the table to be joined.
     * Table name can contain schema prefix (e.g. 'public.tbl_user') and/or table alias (e.g. 'tbl_user u').
     * The method will automatically quote the table name unless it contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the table is given as a sub-query or DB expression).
     *
     * Use array to represent joining with a sub-query. The array must contain only one element.
     * The value must be a Query object representing the sub-query while the corresponding key
     * represents the alias for the sub-query.
     *
     * @param string|array $on the join condition that should appear in the ON part.
     * Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return Query the query object itself
     */
    public function join($type, $table, $on = '', $params = [])
    {
        $this->join[] = [$type, $table, $on];

        return $this->addParams($params);
    }

    /**
     * Appends an INNER JOIN part to the query.
     * @param string|array $table the table to be joined.
     *
     * Use string to represent the name of the table to be joined.
     * Table name can contain schema prefix (e.g. 'public.tbl_user') and/or table alias (e.g. 'tbl_user u').
     * The method will automatically quote the table name unless it contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the table is given as a sub-query or DB expression).
     *
     * Use array to represent joining with a sub-query. The array must contain only one element.
     * The value must be a Query object representing the sub-query while the corresponding key
     * represents the alias for the sub-query.
     *
     * @param string|array $on the join condition that should appear in the ON part.
     * Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return Query the query object itself
     */
    public function innerJoin($table, $on = '', $params = [])
    {
        $this->join[] = ['INNER JOIN', $table, $on];

        return $this->addParams($params);
    }

    /**
     * Appends a LEFT OUTER JOIN part to the query.
     * @param string|array $table the table to be joined.
     *
     * Use string to represent the name of the table to be joined.
     * Table name can contain schema prefix (e.g. 'public.tbl_user') and/or table alias (e.g. 'tbl_user u').
     * The method will automatically quote the table name unless it contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the table is given as a sub-query or DB expression).
     *
     * Use array to represent joining with a sub-query. The array must contain only one element.
     * The value must be a Query object representing the sub-query while the corresponding key
     * represents the alias for the sub-query.
     *
     * @param string|array $on the join condition that should appear in the ON part.
     * Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query
     * @return Query the query object itself
     */
    public function leftJoin($table, $on = '', $params = [])
    {
        $this->join[] = ['LEFT JOIN', $table, $on];

        return $this->addParams($params);
    }

    /**
     * Appends a RIGHT OUTER JOIN part to the query.
     * @param string|array $table the table to be joined.
     *
     * Use string to represent the name of the table to be joined.
     * Table name can contain schema prefix (e.g. 'public.tbl_user') and/or table alias (e.g. 'tbl_user u').
     * The method will automatically quote the table name unless it contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the table is given as a sub-query or DB expression).
     *
     * Use array to represent joining with a sub-query. The array must contain only one element.
     * The value must be a Query object representing the sub-query while the corresponding key
     * represents the alias for the sub-query.
     *
     * @param string|array $on the join condition that should appear in the ON part.
     * Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query
     * @return Query the query object itself
     */
    public function rightJoin($table, $on = '', $params = [])
    {
        $this->join[] = ['RIGHT JOIN', $table, $on];

        return $this->addParams($params);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the GROUP BY part of the query.
     * @param string|array $columns the columns to be grouped by.
     * Columns can be specified in either a string (e.g. "id, name") or an array (e.g. ['id', 'name']).
     * The method will automatically quote the column names unless a column contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the column contains a DB expression).
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see addGroupBy()
     */
    public function groupBy($columns)
    {
        if (!is_array($columns)) {
            $columns = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', trim($columns), -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
        }
        $this->groupBy = $columns;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds additional group-by columns to the existing ones.
     * @param string|array $columns additional columns to be grouped by.
     * Columns can be specified in either a string (e.g. "id, name") or an array (e.g. ['id', 'name']).
     * The method will automatically quote the column names unless a column contains some parenthesis
     * (which means the column contains a DB expression).
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see groupBy()
     */
    public function addGroupBy($columns)
    {
        if (!is_array($columns)) {
            $columns = preg_split('/\s*,\s*/', trim($columns), -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
        }
        if ($this->groupBy === null) {
            $this->groupBy = $columns;
        } else {
            $this->groupBy = array_merge($this->groupBy, $columns);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the HAVING part of the query.
     * @param string|array $condition the conditions to be put after HAVING.
     * Please refer to [[where()]] on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see andHaving()
     * @see orHaving()
     */
    public function having($condition, $params = [])
    {
        $this->having = $condition;
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds an additional HAVING condition to the existing one.
     * The new condition and the existing one will be joined using the 'AND' operator.
     * @param string|array $condition the new HAVING condition. Please refer to [[where()]]
     * on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see having()
     * @see orHaving()
     */
    public function andHaving($condition, $params = [])
    {
        if ($this->having === null) {
            $this->having = $condition;
        } else {
            $this->having = ['and', $this->having, $condition];
        }
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds an additional HAVING condition to the existing one.
     * The new condition and the existing one will be joined using the 'OR' operator.
     * @param string|array $condition the new HAVING condition. Please refer to [[where()]]
     * on how to specify this parameter.
     * @param array $params the parameters (name => value) to be bound to the query.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see having()
     * @see andHaving()
     */
    public function orHaving($condition, $params = [])
    {
        if ($this->having === null) {
            $this->having = $condition;
        } else {
            $this->having = ['or', $this->having, $condition];
        }
        $this->addParams($params);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends a SQL statement using UNION operator.
     * @param string|Query $sql the SQL statement to be appended using UNION
     * @param boolean $all TRUE if using UNION ALL and FALSE if using UNION
     * @return static the query object itself
     */
    public function union($sql, $all = false)
    {
        $this->union[] = [ 'query' => $sql, 'all' => $all ];

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the parameters to be bound to the query.
     * @param array $params list of query parameter values indexed by parameter placeholders.
     * For example, `[':name' => 'Dan', ':age' => 31]`.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see addParams()
     */
    public function params($params)
    {
        $this->params = $params;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds additional parameters to be bound to the query.
     * @param array $params list of query parameter values indexed by parameter placeholders.
     * For example, `[':name' => 'Dan', ':age' => 31]`.
     * @return static the query object itself
     * @see params()
     */
    public function addParams($params)
    {
        if (!empty($params)) {
            if (empty($this->params)) {
                $this->params = $params;
            } else {
                foreach ($params as $name => $value) {
                    if (is_integer($name)) {
                        $this->params[] = $value;
                    } else {
                        $this->params[$name] = $value;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }
}