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Merge pull request #4102 from yii2-chinesization/master

Chinese Translation for this week
parents d7623a39 ec801004
Showing with 4443 additions and 58 deletions
docs/guide-zh-CN/concept-components.md 0 → 100644
组件（Component）
==========
组件是 Yii 应用的主要基石之一。组件是 [[yii\base\Component]] 类或其子类的实例。三个它能提供，其他类不能的主要功能有：
* [属性（Property）](concept-properties.md)
* [事件（Event）](concept-events.md)
* [行为（Behavior）](concept-behaviors.md)
或单独使用，或彼此配合，总之这些功能的应用让 Yii 的类变得更加灵活和易用。就拿一个叫 [[yii\jui\DatePicker|日期选择器]]
的小部件来举例吧，这是个方便你在 [视图](structure-view.md) 中生成一个交互式日期选择器的 UI 组件，你们自己看这样的调用方式是不是很屌：
```php
use yii\jui\DatePicker;
echo DatePicker::widget([
'language' => 'zh-CN',
'name' => 'country',
'clientOptions' => [
'dateFormat' => 'yy-mm-dd',
],
]);
```
正因为这个小部件继承自 [[yii\base\Component]]，所以它的各项属性改写起来就会很容易……
虽然组件非常屌爆，但是他们比常规的对象（Object）要稍微重量级一点点，因为他们要使用额外的内存和 CPU 时间来支持这些功能，尤其是
[事件](concept-events.md) 和 [行为](concept-behaviors.md) 这俩货。如果你的组件不需要这两项功能，你可以考虑继承 [[yii\base\Object]]
而不是 [[yii\base\Component]]。这样一来，你的组件就可以像普通 PHP 对象一样高效了。同时，它还依旧支持[属性（Property）](concept-properties.md)功能！
当你继承 [[yii\base\Component]] 或 [[yii\base\Object]] 时，我们推荐你使用如下的编码风格：
- 若你需要重写构造器（Constructor），指定一个 `$config` 参数，作为构造器的 *最后一个* 参数，然后把它传递给父类的构造器。（译者注：`parent::__construct($config = [])`，用于把属性配置信息传递回父类。可选参数放最后是 PSR 的规范之一）
- 永远在你重写的构造器 *结尾处* 调用一下父类的构造器。
- 如果你重写了 [[yii\base\Object::init()]] 方法，请确保你在 `init` 方法的 *开头处* 调用了父类的 `init` 方法。
例子如下：
```php
namespace yii\components\MyClass;
use yii\base\Object;
class MyClass extends Object
{
public $prop1;
public $prop2;
public function __construct($param1, $param2, $config = [])
{
// ... 配置生效前的初始化过程
parent::__construct($config);
}
public function init()
{
parent::init();
// ... 配置生效后的初始化过程
}
}
```
另外，为了让你的组件可以在创建实例时[能被正确配置](concept-configurations.md)，请遵照以下操作流程。举例：
```php
$component = new MyClass(1, 2, ['prop1' => 3, 'prop2' => 4]);
// 方法二：
$component = \Yii::createObject([
'class' => MyClass::className(),
'prop1' => 3,
'prop2' => 4,
], [1, 2]);
```
> 补充：虽然调用 [[Yii::createObject()]] 的方法看起来更加复杂，但是这主要是因为它更加灵活强大，这货是基于高大上的[依赖注入容器](concept-di-container.md)的一种实现。
每个 [[yii\base\Object]] 类的生命周期是这样度过的：
1. 构造器内的预初始化过程。你可以在这儿给各属性设置缺省值。
2. 通过 `$config` 配置对象。配置的过程可能会覆盖掉先前在构造器内设置的默认值。
3. 在 [[yii\base\Object::init()|init()]] 方法内进行初始化的收尾工作。你可以通过重写此方法，进行一些良品检验呀，属性的标准化呀，之类的事情。
4. 对象方法调用。
前三步都是在对象的构造器内发生的。这意味着一旦你获得了一个对象实例，那么它已经初始化为了一个妥妥的状态，放心大胆的用吧。
docs/guide-zh-CN/concept-properties.md 0 → 100644
属性（Property）
==========
PHP 中，类的成员变量也被称为 *属性(properties)*。它们是类定义的一部分，并用来表现一个实例的状态（比如，用于区分某类的各个实例）。在具体实践中，你会常常想用一个稍微特殊些的方法实现属性的读写。例如，如果你想要去掉赋值给 `label` 属性的字符串前后的空格，就可以用以下代码实现：
```php
$object->label = trim($label);
```
以上代码的缺点是，只要需要修改 `label` 属性就必须再次调用 `trim()` 函数。若将来提出了对 `label`
属性的新要求，比如首字母大写等，你就被迫必须修改所有给 `label`
属性赋值的代码。这种代码的重复会导致 bug，且这这种实践显然是你想要尽力避免的。
为解决该问题，Yii 引入了一个名为 [[yii\base\Object]] 的基类，它支持基于类内的 *getter* 和 *setter*
（读取器和设定器）方法来定义属性。如果某类需要支持这个特性，只需要继承自 [[yii\base\Object]] 或其子类即可。
> 补充：几乎每个 Yii 框架的核心类都继承自 [[yii\base\Object]] 或其子类。这意味着无论何时在核心类中见到一个
getter 或 setter 方法，都可以像调用属性一样调用它。
getter 方法是方法名以 `get` 开头的方法，而 setter 方法名以 `set` 开头。方法名中 `get` 或 `set` 后面的部分就定义了该属性的名字。如下面代码所示，一个 getter 方法 `getLabel()` 或 setter 方法 `setLabel()`
就定义了一个名为 `label` 的属性：
```php
namespace app\components;
use yii\base\Object;
class Foo extend Object
{
private $_label;
public function getLabel()
{
return $this->_label;
}
public function setLabel($value)
{
$this->_label = trim($value);
}
}
```
（详细解释：getter 和 setter 方法创建了一个名为 `label` 的属性，在这个例子里，它指向一个私有的内部属性 `_label`。译者注：习惯上一般把私有属性都定义为 `_` 下划线开头的名字。）
getters/setters 定义的属性能像类成员变量那样使用。两者主要的区别是：当这种属性被读取时，对应的 getter
方法将被调用；而当属性被赋值时，对应的 setter 方法就调用。如：
```php
// 等效于 $label = $object->getLabel();
$label = $object->label;
// 等效于 $object->setLabel('abc');
$object->label = 'abc';
```
只定义了 getter 没有 setter 的属性是*只读属性*。尝试赋值给这样的属性将导致 [[yii\base\InvalidCallException|InvalidCallException]]
（无效调用）异常。类似的，只有 setter 方法而没有 getter 方法定义的属性是*只写属性*，尝试读取这种属性也会触发异常。使用只写属性的情况几乎没有。
通过 getter 和 setter 定义的属性也有一些特殊规则和限制：
* 这类属性的名字是 *不区分大小写* 的。如，`$object->label` 和 `$object->Label` 是同一个属性。因为 PHP 方法名是不区分大小写的。
* 如果此类属性名和类成员变量相同，以后者为准。例如，假设以上 `Foo` 类有个 `label` 成员变量，然后给
`$object->label = 'abc'` 赋值，将赋给成员变量而不是 setter `setLabel()` 方法。
* 这类属性不支持可见性（访问限制）。定义属性的 getter 和 setter 方法是 public、protected 还是 private 对属性的可见性没有任何影响。
* 这类属性的 getter 和 setter 方法只能定义为 *非静态*的，若定义为静态方法（static）则不会以相同方式处理。
回到开头处提到的问题，与其处处要调用 `trim()` 函数，现在我们只需在 setter `setLabel()` 方法内调用一次。如果 label 首字母变成大写的新要求来了，我们只需要修改`setLabel()` 方法，而无须接触任何其它代码。
\ No newline at end of file
docs/guide-zh-CN/concept-service-locator.md 0 → 100644
服务定位器（Service Locator）
===============
服务定位器是一个了解如何提供各种应用所需的服务（或组件）的对象。在一个服务定位器中，每一个组件都只有一个单独的实例，并通过
ID 唯一地标识。用这个 ID 就能从服务定位器中得到这个组件。
在 Yii 中，服务定位器只是 [[yii\di\ServiceLocator]] 或其子类的一个实例。
最最常用的服务定位器一般是 *application（应用）* 对象，可以通过 `\Yii::$app` 访问。它所提供的服务被称为
*application components（应用组件）*，比如：`request`、`response`、`urlManager`（分别是请求、响应、Url 管理器）组件。你可以通过服务定位器所提供的功能，非常容易地配置这些组件，或甚至是用你自己的实现替换掉他们。
除了 Application 对象，每一个模块对象本身也是一个服务定位器。
要使用一个服务定位器，第一步是要注册相关组件。组件可以通过 [[yii\di\ServiceLocator::set()]]
方法进行注册。以下的方法展示了注册组件的不同方法：
```php
use yii\di\ServiceLocator;
use yii\caching\FileCache;
$locator = new ServiceLocator;
// 通过一个可用于创建该组件的类名，注册 "cache" （缓存）组件。
$locator->set('cache', 'yii\caching\ApcCache');
// 通过一个可用于创建该组件的配置数组，注册 "db" （数据库）组件。
$locator->set('db', [
'class' => 'yii\db\Connection',
'dsn' => 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=demo',
'username' => 'root',
'password' => '',
]);
// 通过一个能返回该组件的匿名函数，注册 "search" 组件。
$locator->set('search', function () {
return new app\components\SolrService;
});
// 用组件注册 "pageCache" 组件
$locator->set('pageCache', new FileCache);
```
一旦组件被注册成功，你可以任选以下两种方式之一，通过它的 ID 访问它：
```php
$cache = $locator->get('cache');
// 或者
$cache = $locator->cache;
```
如上文所示， [[yii\di\ServiceLocator]] 允许你通过组件 ID 像访问一个属性值那样访问一个组件。当你第一次访问某组件时，
[[yii\di\ServiceLocator]] 会通过该组件的注册信息创建一个该组件的实例，并返回它。之后，如果再次访问，则服务定位器会返回同一个实例。
你可以通过 [[yii\di\ServiceLocator::has()]] 检查某组件 ID 是否被注册。
若你用一个无效的 ID 调用 [[yii\di\ServiceLocator::get()]]，则会抛出一个异常。
因为服务定位器，经常会在创建时附带[配置信息](concept-configurations.md)，因此我们提供了一个可写的属性，名为
[[yii\di\ServiceLocator::setComponents()|components]]，这样就可以配置该属性，或一次性注册多个组件。下面的代码展示了如何用一个配置数组，配置一个应用并注册
"db"，"cache" 和 "search" 三个组件：
```php
return [
// ...
'components' => [
'db' => [
'class' => 'yii\db\Connection',
'dsn' => 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=demo',
'username' => 'root',
'password' => '',
],
'cache' => 'yii\caching\ApcCache',
'search' => function () {
return new app\components\SolrService;
},
],
];
```
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docs/guide-zh-CN/images/application-lifecycle.graphml 0 → 100644
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docs/guide-zh-CN/images/application-structure.graphml 0 → 100644
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docs/guide-zh-CN/start-databases.md 0 → 100644
使用数据库
======================
本小节将介绍如何如何创建一个从数据表 `country` 中获取国家数据并显示出来的页面。为了实现这个目标，你将会配置一个数据库连接，创建一个[活动记录](db-active-record.md)类，并且创建一个[操作](structure-controllers.md)及一个[视图](structure-views.md)。
贯穿整个小节，你将会学到：
* 配置一个数据库连接
* 定义一个活动记录类
* 使用活动记录从数据库中查询数据
* 以分页方式在视图中显示数据
请注意，为了掌握本小节你应该具备最基本的数据库知识和使用经验。尤其是你应该知道如何创建数据库，如何通过数据库终端执行 SQL 语句。
准备数据库 <a name="preparing-database"></a>
--------------------
首先创建一个名为 `yii2basic` 的数据库，你的应用将从这个数据库中获取数据。你可以创建 SQLite，MySQL，PostregSQL，MSSQL 或 Oracle 数据库，Yii 内置多种数据库支持。简单起见后面的内容将以 MySQL 为例做演示。
然后在数据库中创建一个名为 `country` 的表并插入简单的数据。可以执行下面的语句：
```sql
CREATE TABLE `country` (
`code` CHAR(2) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
`name` CHAR(52) NOT NULL,
`population` INT(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('AU','Australia',18886000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('BR','Brazil',170115000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('CA','Canada',1147000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('CN','China',1277558000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('DE','Germany',82164700);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('FR','France',59225700);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('GB','United Kingdom',59623400);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('IN','India',1013662000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('RU','Russia',146934000);
INSERT INTO `Country` VALUES ('US','United States',278357000);
```
于是便有了一个名为 `yii2basic` 的数据库，在这个数据库中有一个包含三个字段的数据表 `country`，表中有十行数据。
配置数据库连接 <a name="configuring-db-connection"></a>
---------------------------
开始之前，请确保你已经安装了 PHP [PDO](http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.pdo.php) 扩展和你所使用的数据库的 PDO 驱动（例如 MySQL 的 `pdo_mysql`）。对于使用关系型数据库来讲，这是基本要求。
驱动和扩展安装可用后，打开 `config/db.php` 修改里面的配置参数对应你的数据库配置。该文件默认包含这些内容：
```php
<?php
return [
'class' => 'yii\db\Connection',
'dsn' => 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=yii2basic',
'username' => 'root',
'password' => '',
'charset' => 'utf8',
];
```
`config/db/php` 是一个典型的基于文件的[配置](concept-configurations.md)工具。这个文件配置了数据库连接 [[yii\db\Connection]] 的创建和初始化参数，应用的 SQL 查询正是基于这个数据库。
上面配置的数据库连接可以在应用中通过 `Yii::$app->db` 访问。
> 补充：`config/db.php` 将被包含在应用配置文件 `config/web.php` 中，后者指定了整个[应用](structure-applications.md)如何初始化。请参考[配置](concept-configurations.md)小节了解更多信息。
创建活动记录 <a name="creating-active-record"></a>
-------------------------
创建一个继承自[活动记录](db-active-record.md)类的类 `Country`，把它放在 `models/Country.php`，去表示和获取 `country` 表的数据。
```php
<?php
namespace app\models;
use yii\db\ActiveRecord;
class Country extends ActiveRecord
{
}
```
这个 `Country` 类继承自 [[yii\db\ActiveRecord]]。你不用在里面写任何代码。只需要像现在这样，Yii 就能根据类名去猜测对应的数据表名。
> 补充：如果类名和数据表名不能直接对应，你可以重写 [[yii\db\ActiveRecord::tableName()|tableName()]] 方法去显式指定相关表名。
使用 `Country` 类你可以很容易地操作 `country` 表数据，就像这段代码：
```php
use app\models\Country;
// 获取 country 表的所有行并以 name 排序
$countries = Country::find()->orderBy('name')->all();
// 获取主键为 “US” 的行
$country = Country::findOne('US');
// 输出 “United States”
echo $country->name;
// 修改 name 为 “U.S.A.” 并在数据库中保存更改
$country->name = 'U.S.A.';
$country->save();
```
> 补充：活动记录是面向对象、功能强大的访问和操作数据库数据的方式。你可以在[活动记录](db-active-record.md)小节了解更多信息。除此之外你还可以使用另一种更原生的称做[数据访问对象](db-dao)的方法操作数据库数据。
创建操作 <a name="creating-action"></a>
------------------
为了向最终用户显示国家数据，你需要创建一个操作。相比之前小节掌握的在 `site` 控制器中创建操作，在这里为所有和国家有关的数据新建一个控制器更加合理。新控制器名为 `CountryController`，并在其中创建一个 `index` 操作，如下：
```php
<?php
namespace app\controllers;
use yii\web\Controller;
use yii\data\Pagination;
use app\models\Country;
class CountryController extends Controller
{
public function actionIndex()
{
$query = Country::find();
$pagination = new Pagination([
'defaultPageSize' => 5,
'totalCount' => $query->count(),
]);
$countries = $query->orderBy('name')
->offset($pagination->offset)
->limit($pagination->limit)
->all();
return $this->render('index', [
'countries' => $countries,
'pagination' => $pagination,
]);
}
}
```
把上面的代码保存在 `controllers/CountryController.php`。
`index` 操作调用了活动记录 `Country::find()` 方法，去生成查询语句并从 `country` 表中取回所有数据。为了限定每个请求所返回的国家数量，查询在 [[yii\data\Pagination]] 对象的帮助下进行分页。 `Pagination` 对象的使命主要有两点：
* 为 SQL 查询语句设置 `offset` 和 `limit` 从句，确保每个请求只需返回一页数据（本例中每页是 5 行）。
* 在视图中显示一个由页码列表组成的分页器，这点将在后面的段落中解释。
在代码末尾，`index` 操作渲染一个名为 `index` 的视图，并传递国家数据和分页信息进去。
创建视图 <a name="creating-view"></a>
---------------
在 `views` 目录下先创建一个名为 `country` 的子目录。这个目录存储所有由 `country` 控制器渲染的视图。在 `views/country` 目录下创建一个名为 `index.php` 的视图文件，内容如下：
```php
<?php
use yii\helpers\Html;
use yii\widgets\LinkPager;
?>
<h1>Countries</h1>
<ul>
<?php foreach ($countries as $country): ?>
<li>
<?= Html::encode("{$country->name} ({$country->code})") ?>:
<?= $country->population ?>
</li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
<?= LinkPager::widget(['pagination' => $pagination]) ?>
```
这个视图包含两部分用以显示国家数据。第一部分遍历国家数据并以无序 HTML 列表渲染出来。第二部分使用 [[yii\widgets\LinkPager]] 去渲染从操作中传来的分页信息。小部件 `LinkPager` 显示一个分页按钮的列表。点击任何一个按钮都会跳转到对应的分页。
尝试下 <a name="trying-it-out"></a>
-------------
浏览器访问下面的 URL 看看能否工作：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=country/index
```
![国家列表](images/start-country-list.png)
首先你会看到显示着五个国家的列表页面。在国家下面，你还会看到一个包含四个按钮的分页器。如果你点击按钮 “2”，将会跳转到显示另外五个国家的页面，也就是第二页记录。如果观察仔细点你还会看到浏览器的 URL 变成了：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=country/index&page=2
```
在这个场景里，[[yii\data\Pagination|Pagination]] 提供了为数据结果集分页的所有功能：
* 首先 [[yii\data\Pagination|Pagination]] 把 SELECT 的子查询 `LIMIT 5 OFFSET 0` 数据表示成第一页。因此开头的五条数据会被取出并显示。
* 然后小部件 [[yii\widgets\LinkPager|LinkPager]] 使用 [[yii\data\Pagination::createUrl()|Pagination::createUrl()]] 方法生成的 URL 去渲染翻页按钮。URL 中包含必要的参数 `page` 才能查询不同的页面编号。
* 如果你点击按钮 “2”，将会发起一个路由为 `country/index` 的新请求。[[yii\data\Pagination|Pagination]] 接收到 URL 中的 `page` 参数把当前的页码设为 2。新的数据库请求将会以 `LIMIT 5 OFFSET 5` 查询并显示。
总结 <a name="summary"></a>
-------
本小节中你学到了如何使用数据库。你还学到了如何取出并使用 [[yii\data\Pagination]] 和 [[yii\widgets\LinkPager]] 显示数据。
下一小节中你会学到如何使用 Yii 中强大的代码生成器 [Gii](tool-gii.md)，去帮助你实现一些常用的功能需求，例如增查改善（CRUD）数据表中的数据。事实上你之前所写的代码全部都可以由 Gii 自动生成：）
\ No newline at end of file
docs/guide-zh-CN/start-forms.md 0 → 100644
使用表单
==================
本小节将介绍如何创建一个从用户那搜集数据的表单页面。该页将显示一个包含 name 输入框和 email 输入框的表单。当搜集完这两部分信息后，页面将会显示用户输入的信息。
为了实现这个目标，除了创建一个[操作](structure-controllers.md)和两个[视图](structure-views)外，你还需要创建一个[模型](structure-models.md)。
贯穿整个小节，你将会学到：
* 创建一个[模型](structure-models.md)表示用户通过表单输入的数据
* 声明规则去验证输入的数据
* 在[视图](structure-views.md)中生成一个 HTML 表单
创建模型 <a name="creating-model"></a>
----------------
模型类 `EntryForm` 代表从用户那请求的数据，该类如下所示并存储在 `models/EntryForm.php` 文件中。请参考[类自动加载](concept-autoloading.md)小节获取更多关于类命名约定的介绍。
```php
<?php
namespace app\models;
use yii\base\Model;
class EntryForm extends Model
{
public $name;
public $email;
public function rules()
{
return [
[['name', 'email'], 'required'],
['email', 'email'],
];
}
}
```
该类继承自 [[yii\base\Model]]，Yii 提供的一个基类，通常用来表示数据。
> 补充：[[yii\base\Model]] 被用于普通模型类的父类并与数据表**无关**。[[yii\db\ActiveRecord]] 通常是普通模型类的父类但与数据表有关联（译者注：[[yii\db\ActiveRecord]] 类其实也是继承自 [[yii\base\Model]]，增加了数据库处理）。
`EntryForm` 类包含 `name` 和 `email` 两个公共成员，用来储存用户输入的数据。它还包含一个名为 `rules()` 的方法，用来返回数据验证规则的集合。上面声明的验证规则表示：
* `name` 和 `email` 值都是必须的
* `mail` 的值必须满足 email 地址验证
如果你有一个从用户那搜集了数据的 `EntryForm` 对象，你可以调用它的 [[yii\base\Model::validate()|validate()]] 方法触发数据验证。如果有数据验证失败，将把 [[yii\base\Model::hasErrors|hasErrors]] 属性设为 ture，想要知道具体发生什么错误就调用 [[yii\base\Model::getErrors|getErrors]]。
```php
<?php
$model = new EntryForm();
$model->name = 'Qiang';
$model->email = 'bad';
if ($model->validate()) {
// 验证成功！
} else {
// 失败！
// 使用 $model->getErrors() 获取错误详情
}
```
创建操作 <a name="creating-action"></a>
------------------
下面你得在 `site` 控制器中创建一个 `entry` 操作用于新建的模型。操作的创建和使用已经在[说一声你好](start-hello.md)小节中解释了。
```php
<?php
namespace app\controllers;
use Yii;
use yii\web\Controller;
use app\models\EntryForm;
class SiteController extends Controller
{
// ...其它代码...
public function actionEntry()
{
$model = new EntryForm;
if ($model->load(Yii::$app->request->post()) && $model->validate()) {
// 验证 $model 收到的数据
// 做些有意义的事 ...
return $this->render('entry-confirm', ['model' => $model]);
} else {
// 无论是初始化显示还是数据验证错误
return $this->render('entry', ['model' => $model]);
}
}
}
```
该操作首先创建了一个 `EntryForm` 对象。然后尝试从 `$_POST` 搜集用户提交的数据，由 Yii 的 [[yii\web\Request::post()]] 方法负责搜集。如果模型被成功填充数据（也就是说用户已经提交了 HTML 表单），操作将调用 [[yii\base\Model::validate()|validate()]] 去确保用户提交的是有效数据。
> 补充：表达式 `Yii::$app` 代表[应用](structure-applications.md)实例，它是一个全局可访问的单例。同时它也是一个[服务定位器](concept-service-locator.md)，能提供 `request`，`response`，`db` 等等特定功能的组件。在上面的代码里就是使用 `request` 组件来访问应用实例收到的 `$_POST` 数据。
用户提交表单后，操作将会渲染一个名为 `entry-confirm` 的视图去确认用户输入的数据。如果没填表单就提交，或数据包含错误（译者：如 email 格式不对），`entry` 视图将会渲染输出，连同表单一起输出的还有验证错误的信息。
> 注意：在这个简单例子里我们只是呈现了有效数据的确认页面。实践中你应该考虑使用 [[yii\web\Controller::refresh()|refresh()]] 或 [[yii\web\Controller::redirect()|redirect()]] 去避免[表单重复提交问题](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get)。
创建视图 <a name="creating-views"></a>
--------------
最后创建两个视图文件 `entry-confirm` 和 `entry`。他们会被刚才创建的 `entry` 操作渲染。
`entry-confirm` 视图简单地显示提交的 name 和 email 数据。视图文件保存在 `views/site/entry-confirm.php`。
```php
<?php
use yii\helpers\Html;
?>
<p>You have entered the following information:</p>
<ul>
<li><label>Name</label>: <?= Html::encode($model->name) ?></li>
<li><label>Email</label>: <?= Html::encode($model->email) ?></li>
</ul>
```
`entry` 视图显示一个 HTML 表单。视图文件保存在 `views/site/entry.php`。
```php
<?php
use yii\helpers\Html;
use yii\widgets\ActiveForm;
?>
<?php $form = ActiveForm::begin(); ?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'name') ?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'email') ?>
<div class="form-group">
<?= Html::submitButton('Submit', ['class' => 'btn btn-primary']) ?>
</div>
<?php ActiveForm::end(); ?>
```
视图使用了一个功能强大的[小部件](structure-widgets.md) [[yii\widgets\ActiveForm|ActiveForm]] 去生成 HTML 表单。其中的 `begin()` 和 `end()` 分别用来渲染表单的开始和关闭标签。在这两个方法之间使用了 [[yii\widgets\ActiveForm::field()|field()]] 方法去创建输入框。第一个输入框用于 “name”，第二个输入框用于 “email”。之后使用 [[yii\helpers\Html::submitButton()]] 方法生成提交按钮。
尝试下 <a name="trying-it-out"></a>
-------------
用浏览器访问下面的 URL 看它能否工作：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=site/entry
```
你会看到一个包含两个输入框的表单的页面。每个输入框的前面都有一个标签指明应该输入的数据类型。如果什么都不填就点击提交按钮，或填入格式不正确的 email 地址，你将会看到在对应的输入框下显示错误信息。
![验证错误的表单](images/start-form-validation.png)
输入有效的 name 和 email 信息并提交后，你将会看到一个显示你所提交数据的确认页面。
![输入数据的确认页](images/start-entry-confirmation.png)
### 效果说明 <a name="magic-explained"></a>
你可能会好奇 HTML 表单暗地里是如何工作的呢，看起来它可以为每个输入框显示文字标签，而当你没输入正确的信息时又不需要刷新页面就能给出错误提示，似乎有些神奇。
是的，其实数据首先由客户端 JavaScript 脚本验证，然后才会提交给服务器通过 PHP 验证。[[yii\widgets\ActiveForm]] 足够智能到把你在 `EntryForm` 模型中声明的验证规则转化成客户端 JavaScript 脚本去执行验证。如果用户浏览器禁用了 JavaScript， 服务器端仍然会像 `actionEntry()` 方法里这样验证一遍数据。这保证了任何情况下用户提交的数据都是有效的。
> 警告：客户端验证是提高用户体验的手段。无论它是否正常启用，服务端验证则都是必须的，请不要忽略它。
输入框的文字标签是 `field()` 方法生成的，内容就是模型中该数据的属性名。例如模型中的 `name` 属性生成的标签就是 `Name`。
你可以在视图中自定义标签：
```php
<?= $form->field($model, 'name')->label('自定义 Name') ?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'email')->label('自定义 Email') ?>
```
> 补充：Yii 提供了相当多类似的小部件去帮你生成复杂且动态的视图。在后面你还会了解到自己写小部件是多么简单。你可能会把自己的很多视图代码转化成小部件以提高重用，加快开发效率。
总结 <a name="summary"></a>
-------
本小节指南中你接触了 MVC 设计模式的每个部分。你学到了如何创建一个模型代表用户数据并验证它的有效性。
你还学到了如何从用户那获取数据并在浏览器上回显给用户。这本来是开发应用的过程中比较耗时的任务，好在 Yii 提供了强大的小部件让它变得如此简单。
下一小节你将学习如何使用数据库，几乎每个应用都需要数据库。
docs/guide-zh-CN/start-gii.md 0 → 100644
使用 Gii 生成代码
========================
本小节将介绍如何使用 [Gii](tool-gii.md) 去自动生成 Web 站点常用功能的代码。使用 Gii 生成代码非常简单，只要按照 Gii 页面上的介绍输入正确的信息即可。
贯穿本小节，你将会学到：
* 在你的应用中开启 Gii
* 使用 Gii 去生成活动记录类
* 使用 Gii 去生成数据表操作的增查改删（CRUD）代码
* 自定义 Gii 生成的代码
开始 Gii <a name="starting-gii"></a>
------------
[Gii](tool-gii.md) 是 Yii 中的一个[模块](structure-modules.md)。你可以通过配置应用的 [[yii\base\Application::modules|modules]] 属性开启它。通常来讲在 `config/web.php` 文件中会有以下配置代码：
```php
$config = [ ... ];
if (YII_ENV_DEV) {
$config['bootstrap'][] = 'gii';
$config['modules']['gii'] = 'yii\gii\Module';
}
```
这段配置的意思是如果当前是[开发环境](concept-configurations.md#environment-constants)，应用会包含 `gii` 模块，模块类是 [[yii\gii\Module]]。
如果你检查应用的[入口脚本](structure-entry-scripts.md) `web/index.php`，将看到这行代码将 `YII_ENV_DEV` 设为 true：
```php
defined('YII_ENV') or define('YII_ENV', 'dev');
```
代码设置应用处于开发模式下，按照上面的配置会打开 Gii 模块。你可以直接通过 URL 访问 Gii：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=gii
```
![Gii](images/start-gii.png)
生成活动记录类 <a name="generating-ar"></a>
---------------------------------
选择 “Model Generator” （点击 Gii 首页的链接）去生成活动记录类。并像这样填写表单：
* Table Name: `country`
* Model Class: `Country`
![模型生成器](images/start-gii-model.png)
然后点击 “Preview” 按钮。你会看到 `models/Country.php` 被列在将要生成的文件列表中。可以点击文件名预览内容。
如果你已经创建过同样的文件，使用 Gii 可以覆写它，点击文件名旁边的 `diff` 能查看现有文件与将要生成的文件的内容区别。
![模型生成器预览](images/start-gii-model-preview.png)
想要覆写已存在文件，选中 “overwrite” 下的复选框然后点击 “Generator”。如果是新文件，只点击 “Generator” 就好。
接下来你会看到一个包含已生成文件的说明页面。如果生成过程中覆写过文件，还会有一条信息说明代码是重新生成覆盖的。
生成 CRUD 代码 <a name="generating-crud"></a>
--------------------
CRUD 代表增，查，改，删操作，这是绝大多数 Web 站点常用的数据处理方式。选择 Gii 中的 “CRUD Generator” （点击 Gii 首页的链接）去创建 CRUD 功能。之前的 “country” 例子需要像这样填写表单：
* Model Class: `app\models\Country`
* Search Model Class: `app\models\CountrySearch`
* Controller Class: `app\controllers\CountryController`
![CRUD 生成器](images/start-gii-crud.png)
然后点击 “Preview” 按钮。你会看到下述将要生成的文件列表。
[[NEED THE IMAGE HERE / 等待官方补充图片]]
如果你之前创建过 `controllers/CountryController.php` 和 `views/country/index.php` 文件（在指南的使用数据库小节），选中 “overwrite” 下的复选框覆写它们（之前的文件没能全部支持 CRUD）。
尝试下<a name="trying-it-out"></a>
-------------
用浏览器访问下面的 URL 查看生成代码的运行：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=country/index
```
可以看到一个栅格显示着从数据表中获取的国家数据。支持在列头对数据进行排序，输入筛选条件进行筛选。
可以浏览详情，编辑，或删除栅格中的每个国家。还可以点击栅格上方的 “Create Country” 按钮通过表单创建新国家。
![国家的数据栅格](images/start-gii-country-grid.png)
![编辑一个国家](images/start-gii-country-update.png)
下面列出由 Gii 生成的文件，以便你也许想研习功能和实现，或修改它们。
* 控制器：`controllers/CountryController.php`
* 模型：`models/Country.php` 和 `models/CountrySearch.php`
* 视图：`views/country/*.php`
> 补充：Gii 被设计成高度可定制和可扩展的代码生成工具。使用它可以大幅提高应用开发速度。请参考 [Gii](tool-gii.md) 小节了解更多内容。
总结 <a name="summary"></a>
-------
本小节学习了如何使用 Gii 去生成为数据表中数据实现完整 CRUD 功能的代码。
docs/guide-zh-CN/start-hello.md 0 → 100644
说声 Hello
============
本小节描述如何在你的应用中创建一个新的 “Hello” 页面。为了做到这点，你将会创建一个[操作](structure-controllers.md#creating-actions)和一个[视图](structure-views.md)：
* 应用将会分派页面请求给操作
* 操作将会依次渲染视图呈现 “Hello” 给最终用户
贯穿整个小节，你将会掌握三件事：
1. 如何创建一个[操作](structure-controllers.md)去响应请求，
2. 如何创建一个[视图](structure-views.md)去构造响应内容，
3. 以及一个应用如何分派请求给[操作](structure-controllers.md#creating-actions)。
创建操作 <a name="creating-action"></a>
------------------
为了说 “Hello”，你需要创建一个 `say` [操作](structure-controllers.md#creating-actions)，从请求中接收 `message` 参数并显示给最终用户。如果请求没有提供 `message` 参数，操作将显示默认参数 “Hello”。
> 补充：[操作](structure-controllers.md#creating-actions)是最终用户可以直接访问并执行的对象。操作被组织在[控制器](structure-controllers.md)中。一个操作的执行结果就是最终用户将会收到的响应内容。
操作必须声明在[控制器](structure-controllers.md)中。为了简单起见，你可以直接在 `SiteController` 控制器里声明 `say` 操作。这个控制器是由文件 `controllers/SiteController.php` 定义的。以下是一个操作的声明：
```php
<?php
namespace app\controllers;
use yii\web\Controller;
class SiteController extends Controller
{
// ...其它代码...
public function actionSay($message = '你好')
{
return $this->render('say', ['message' => $message]);
}
}
```
在上述 `SiteController` 代码中，`say` 操作被定义为 `actionSay` 方法。Yii 使用 `action` 前缀区分普通方法和操作。`action` 前缀后面的名称被映射为操作的 ID。
涉及到给操作命名时，你应该理解 Yii 如何处理操作 ID。操作 ID 总是被以小写处理，如果一个操作 ID 由多个单词组成，单词之间将由连字符连接（如 `create-comment`）。操作 ID 映射为方法名时移除了连字符，将每个单词首字母大写，并加上 `action` 前缀。 例子：操作 ID `create-comment` 相当于方法名 `actionCreateComment`。
上述代码中的操作方法接受一个参数 `$message`，它的默认值是 `“Hello”`（就像你设置其它 PHP 函数或方法的默认值一样）。当应用接收到请求并确定由 `say` 操作来响应请求时，应用将从请求的参数中寻找对应值传入进来。换句话说，如果请求包含一个 `message` 参数，它的值是 `“Goodybye”`， 操作方法中的 `$message` 变量也将被填充为 `“Goodbye”`。
在操作方法中，[[yii\web\Controller::render()|render()]] 被用来渲染一个名为 `say` 的[视图](structure-views.md)文件。 `message` 参数也被传入视图，这样就可以在里面使用。操作方法会返回渲染结果。结果会被应用接收并显示给最终用户的浏览器（作为整页 HTML 的一部分）。
创建视图 <a name="creating-view"></a>
---------------
[视图](structure-views.md)是你用来生成响应内容的脚本。为了说 “Hello”，你需要创建一个 `say` 视图，以便显示从操作方法中传来的 `message` 参数。
```php
<?php
use yii\helpers\Html;
?>
<?= Html::encode($message) ?>
```
`say` 视图应该存为 `views/site/say.php` 文件。当一个操作中调用了 [[yii\web\Controller::render()|render()]] 方法时，它将会按 `views/控制器 ID/视图名.php` 路径加载 PHP 文件。
注意以上代码，`message` 参数在输出之前被 [[yii\helpers\Html::encode()|HTML-encoded]] 方法处理过。这非常有必要，当参数来自于最终用户时，参数中的恶意 JavaScript 代码会导致[跨站脚本（XSS）攻击](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting)。
当然了，你大概会在 `say` 视图里放入更多内容。内容可以由 HTML 标签，纯文本，甚至 PHP 语句组成。实际上 `say` 视图就是一个由 [[yii\web\Controller::render()|render()]] 执行的 PHP 脚本。视图脚本输出的内容将会作为响应结果返回给应用。应用将依次输出结果给最终用户。
尝试下 <a name="trying-it-out"></a>
-------------
创建完操作和视图后，你就可以通过下面的 URL 访问新页面了：
```
http://hostname/index.php?r=site/say&message=Hello+World
```
![Hello World](images/start-hello-world.png)
这个 URL 将会输出包含 “Hello World” 的页面，页面和应用里的其它页面使用同样的头部和尾部。
如果你省略 URL 中的 `message` 参数，将会看到页面只显示 “Hello”。这是因为 `message` 被作为一个参数传给 `actionSay()` 方法，当省略它时，参数将使用默认的 `“Hello”` 代替。
> 补充：新页面和其它页面使用同样的头部和尾部是因为 [[yii\web\Controller::render()|render()]] 方法会自动把 `say` 视图执行的结果嵌入称为[布局](structure-views.md#layouts)的文件中，本例中是 `views/layouts/main.php`。
上面 URL 中的参数 `r` 需要更多解释。它代表[路由](runtime-routing.md)，整个应用级的，指向特定操作的独立 ID。路由格式是 `控制器 ID/操作 ID`。应用接受请求的时候会检查参数，使用控制器 ID 去确定哪个控制器应该被用来处理请求。然后相应控制器将使用操作 ID 去确定哪个操作方法将被用来做具体工作。上述例子中，路由 `site/say` 将被解析至 `SiteController` 控制器和其中的 `say` 操作。因此 `SiteController::actionSay()` 方法将被调用处理请求。
> 补充：与操作一样，一个应用中控制器同样有唯一的 ID。控制器 ID 和操作 ID 使用同样的命名规则。控制器的类名源自于控制器 ID，移除了连字符，每个单词首字母大写，并加上 `Controller` 后缀。例子：控制器 ID `post-comment` 相当于控制器类名 `PostCommentController`。
总结 <a name="summary"></a>
-------
在本小节你已经接触了 MVC 设计模式中的控制器和视图部分。你创建了一个操作作为控制器的一部分去处理特定请求。然后你又创建了一个视图去构造响应内容。在这个小例子中，没有模型调用，唯一涉及到数据的地方是 `message` 参数。
你同样学习了 Yii 路由的相关内容，它是用户请求与控制器操作之间的桥梁。
在下一节，你将学习如何创建一个模型，以及添加一个包含 HTML 表单的页面。
docs/guide-zh-CN/start-looking-ahead.md 0 → 100644
更上一层楼
=============
通篇阅读完整个“入门”章节，你就完成了一个完整 Yii 应用的创建。在此过程中你学到了如何实现一些常用功能，例如通过 HTML 表单从用户那获取数据，从数据库中获取数据并以分页形式显示。你还学到了如何通过 [Gii](tool-gii.md) 去自动生成代码。使用 Gii 生成代码把 Web 开发中多数繁杂的过程转化为仅仅填写几个表单就行。
本小节将介绍一些有助于更好使用 Yii 的资源：
* 文档
- 权威指南：
顾名思义，指南详细描述了 Yii 的工作原理并提供了如何使用它的常规引导。这是最重要的 Yii 辅助资料，强烈建议在你开始写 Yii 代码之前阅读。
- 类参考手册：
描述了 Yii 中每个类的用法。在编码过程中这极为有用，能够帮你理清某个特定类，方法，和属性的用法。类参考手册最好在整个框架的语境下去理解。
- Wiki 文章：
Wiki 文章是 Yii 用户在其自身经验基础上分享出来的。大多数是使用教程或如何使用 Yii 解决特定问题。虽然这些文章质量可能并不如权威指南，但它们往往覆盖了更广泛的话题，并常常提供解决方案，所以它们也很有用。
- 书籍
* [扩展](http://www.yiiframework.com/extensions/):
Yii 拥有数以千计用户提供的扩展，这些扩展能非常方便的插入到应用中，使你的应用开发过程更加方便快捷。
* 社区
- [官方论坛](http://www.yiiframework.com/forum/)
- [GitHub](https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2)
- [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/yiitalk/)
- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/yiiframework)
- [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/groups/yii-framework-1483367)
docs/guide-zh-CN/start-workflow.md
运行应用程序
运行应用
====================
Yii 安装后，就有了一个可以运行的 Yii 应用程序，你可以通过 URL `http://hostname/basic/web/index.php` 或
`http://hostname/index.php` 访问它，具体要取决于你的配置。本章将介绍此应用程序的内置功能，代码的组织方式以及总体上程序是怎样处理请求
的。
> Info: 为简单起见，这个“入门”教程假设你已经将 `basic/web` 设置为了 Web 服务器的文档根目录。访问此程序的是类似
`http://hostname/index.php` 的 URL 。请根据你的实际情况，在下文描述中作相应调整。
安装 Yii 后，你就有了一个运行中的 Yii 应用，根据不同配置，可以通过 `http://hostname/basic/web/index.php` 或 `http://hostname/index.php` 访问。本小节将介绍应用的内建功能，如何组织代码，以及一般情况下应用如何处理请求。
> 补充：为简单起见，在整个“入门”章节中都假定你已经把 `basic/web` 设为 Web 服务器根目录并配置完毕，你访问应用的地址会是 `http://lostname/index.php` 或类似的。请按需调整 URL。
功能 <a name="functionality"></a>
-------------
安装的基础应用程序包含四个页面：
一个安装完的基本应用包含四页：
* 首页，访问 URL `http://hostname/index.php` 时显示，
* "About" 页面，
* "Contact" 页面，显示一个联络表单，允许终端用户通过电子邮件与你联系。
* 还有 "Login" 页面，显示一个登录表单，用于验证终端用户。请尝试使用“admin/admin”登录，你将发现主菜单上原来的“Login”变成了“Logout”。
* 主页，当你访问 `http://hostname/index.php` 时显示,
* “About” 页面，
* “Contact” 页， 显示一个联系表单，允许终端用户通过 Email 联系你，
* “Login” 页， 显示一个登录表单，用来验证终端用户。试着使用 “admin/admin” 登录，你可以看到当前是登录状态，已经可以“退出登录”了。
这些页面共享一个通用的 header 和 footer。Header 含有一个主菜单，可以导航到不同的页面。
这些页面使用同一个头部和尾部。头部包含了一个可以在不同页面间切换的导航栏。
你应该还会在浏览器窗口的最下面发现有一个工具条。这是一个 Yii 提供的很有用的[调试工具](tool-debugger.md)，它会记录并显示很多调试信息，
例如日志消息，响应状态，数据库执行的查询等等。
在浏览器底部可以看到一个工具栏。
这是个 Yii 提供的很有用的[调试工具](tool-debugger.md)，可以记录并显示大量的调试信息，例如日志信息，响应状态，数据库查询等等。
应用程序结构 <a name="application-structure"></a>
应用结构 <a name="application-structure"></a>
---------------------
在你的应用程序中最重要的目录和文件是（假设程序的根目录是`basic`）：
应用中最重要的目录和文件（假设应用根目录是 `basic`）：
```
basic/ 应用程序根目录
composer.json 用于 Composer，描述包的信息
config/ 包含应用程序及其他配置信息。
console.php 控制台应用程序配置
web.php Web 应用程序配置
basic/ 应用根目录
composer.json Composer 配置文件, 描述包信息
config/ 包含应用配置及其它配置
console.php 控制台应用配置信息
web.php Web 应用配置信息
commands/ 包含控制台命令类
controllers/ 包含控制器类
models/ 包含模型类
runtime/ 包含 Yii 运行时产生的文件，例如日志和缓存文件等
vendor/ 包含已安装的 Componser 包，包括 Yii 框架本身。
runtime/ 包含 Yii 在运行时生成的文件，例如日志和缓存文件
vendor/ 包含已经安装的 Composer 包，包括 Yii 框架自身
views/ 包含视图文件
web/ 应用程序 Web 根目录，包含可通过 Web 访问的文件
assets/ 包含 Yii 已发布的资源文件（javascript 和 css）
index.php 应用程序的入口（或引导）脚本
yii Yii 控制台命令可执行脚本
web/ Web 应用根目录，包含 Web 入口文件
assets/ 包含 Yii 发布的资源文件（javascript 和 css）
index.php 应用入口文件
yii Yii 控制台命令执行脚本
```
总体上，应用程序中的文件可以分为两类：位于 `basic/web` 中的和那些位于其他目录中的。前者可通过 HTTP （例如，在一个浏览器中）直接访问，
后者则不能且不应该能。
Yii 实现了 [模型-视图-控制器 (MVC)](http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller) 设计模式，在上述目录组织中也有体现。
`models` 目录中包含了所有的[模型类](structure-models.md)，`views` 目录包含了所有的[视图脚本](structure-views.md)，
`controllers` 目录包含了所有[控制器类](structure-controllers.md)。
一般来说，应用中的文件可被分为两类：在 `basic/web` 下的和在其它目录下的。前者可以直接通过 HTTP 访问（例如浏览器），后者不能也不应该被直接访问。
Yii 实现了[模型-视图-控制器 (MVC)](http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller)设计模式，这点在上述目录结构中也得以体现。 `models` 目录包含了所有[模型类](structure-models.md)，`views` 目录包含了所有[视图脚本](structure-views.md)，`controllers` 目录包含了所有[控制器类](structure-controllers.md)。
下图展示了一个应用程序的静态结构。
以下图表展示了一个应用的静态结构：
![应用程序的静态结构](images/application-structure.png)
![应用静态结构](images/application-structure.png)
每个应用程序都有一个入口脚本 `web/index.php`，它是应用程序中仅有的可通过 Web 访问的 PHP 脚本。这个入口脚本接收一个传入请求并创建一个
[应用程序](structure-applications.md) 实例处理该请求。[应用程序](structure-applications.md)在其[组件](concept-components.md)
的帮助下解析请求并将请求分派到 MVC 元素上。[视图](structure-views.md)中使用[挂件](structure-widgets.md)协助构建复杂动态的用户接口
元素。
每个应用都有一个入口脚本 `web/index.php`，这应该是整个应用中唯一可以访问的 PHP 脚本。入口脚本接受一个 Web 请求并创建[应用](structure-application.md)实例去处理它。 [应用](structure-applications.md)在它的[组建](concept-components.md)的辅助下解析请求，并分派请求至 MVC 元素。[视图](structure-views.md)使用[小部件](structure-widgets.md)去创建复杂和动态的用户界面。
请求的生命周期 <a name="request-lifecycle"></a>
请求生命周期 <a name="request-lifecycle"></a>
-----------------
下图展示了一个应用是如何处理请求的。
![请求的生命周期](images/application-lifecycle.png)
1. 一个用户提交了对[入口脚本（entry script）](structure-entry-scripts.md) `web/index.php` 的请求。
2. 入口脚本加载应用程序[配置信息（configuration）](concept-configurations.md)并创建一个[应用程序](structure-applications.md)实
例处理该请求。
3. 应用程序在[请求（request）]应用程序组件的协助下解析所请求的[路由（route）](runtime-routing.md)。
4. 应用程序创建一个[控制器（controller）](structure-controllers.md)实例处理该请求。
5. 控制器创建了一个[动作（action）](structure-controllers.md)实例，执行动作中的过滤器（filter）。
6. 如果有任何一个过滤器处理失败，则动作取消。
7. 如果所有的过滤器都执行通过，则动作执行。
8. 动作载入一个数据模型，可能是从一个数据库中加载。
9. 动作渲染一个视图（view），给它提供数据模型。
10. 渲染结果返回给[响应（response）](runtime-responses.md)应用程序组件。
11. 响应组件发送渲染结果到用户的浏览器。
以下图表展示了一个应用如何处理请求：
![请求生命周期](images/application-lifecycle.png)
1. 用户向 [入口脚本](structure-entry-scripts.md) `web/index.php` 发起请求。
2. 入口脚本加载应用 [配置](concept-configurations.md)并创建一个[应用](structure-applications.md)实例去处理请求。
3. 应用通过[请求](runtime-request.md)组件解析请求的[路由](runtime-routing.md)。
4. 应用创建一个[控制器](structure-controllers.md)实例去处理请求。
5. 控制器创建一个[操作](structure-controllers.md)实例并针对操作执行过滤器。
6. 如果任何一个过滤器返回失败，则操作退出。
7. 如果所有过滤器都通过，操作将被执行。
8. 操作会加载一个数据模型，或许是来自数据库。
9. 操作会渲染一个视图，把数据模型提供给它。
10. 渲染结果返回给[响应](runtime-responses.md)组件。
11. 响应组件发送渲染结果给用户浏览器。
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